British writer, historian, biographer and novelist Peter Ackroyd, and Harvard professor Leo Damrosch, have both written studies of the poet and artist William Blake (1757-1827). Although the two works are separated by 20 years (Ackroyd’s in 1995 and Damrosch’s in 2015), they form a cohesive understanding of Blake and his work. Damrosch used Ackroyd’s biography in his own research, and calls it one of the best ever written about Blake.
Blake: A Biography is classic Ackroyd, whom we in the United States would call a popular as opposed to academic writer but who occupies a different position in Britain. Amateur historian and biographer he may be, but few living writers today can equal his output, erudition, and insight. He’s in the process of writing a multi-volume history of England. He’s written three novels. He’s retold the stories of the legend of King Arthur and The Canterbury Tales. And he’s written biographies of Charles Dickens, T.S. Eliot, Sir Isaac Newton, Edgar Allen Poe, Geoffrey Chaucer, J.M.W. Turner and Shakespeare. And William Blake.
Ackroyd gives us Blake in his historical context, and “historical” is defined in its broadest terms—historical, philosophical, literary, social, and economic.
We see Blake growing up in a “Dissenting” household (people who did not belong to the Church of England). We’re walking with him on a London street when he gets caught up in the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots that led to looting and the destruction of Newgate Prison (nine years before the Bastille was stormed in Paris). We discover that London always seemed like a riot waiting to happen, and that public licentiousness at all class levels was common. We rub shoulders with the artists and poets who were his friends, and those who thought he was more than slightly mad.
This is where Ackroyd excels as a writer, allowing us to imagine what it was like to be William Blake, and how his personal life and the times in which he lived shaped and directed his art and his poetry. Here, for example, is a poem from Blake’s notebook, written in 1792 when the fear of the French Revolution had reached levels of near hysteria in London and the king had stationed Prussian mercenary troops in and around the city:
William Blake
I wander thro each dirty street
Near where the dirty Thames does flow
And see in every face I meet
Marks of weakness marks of woe
In every cry of every man
In every voice of every child
In every voice in every ban
The german forged links I hear
But most the chimney sweepers cry
Blackens oer the churches walls
And the hapless soldiers sigh
Runs in blood down palace walls
Blake: A Biography is a fascinating account, meticulously researched and extraordinarily well written.
Damrosch includes the important biographical details of Blake’s life, but his Eternity’s Sunrise: The Imaginative World of William Blake focuses on Blake’s artistic vision. He addresses both Blake’s art and poetry, emphasizing how intimately the two were connected. But his primary focus is Blake’s art (the book includes two sets of black-and-white illustrations of Blake, various locations, and people he knew, and 40 color plates of his artwork).
We see traced all of the various influences on and sources of his art. Many of the colored drawings were part of commissioned works by patrons and others, and many were his own creations, a kind of early form of self-publishing. All were generally printed in very small quantities—a press run of four or five, or perhaps 20, was not unusual. Some works were reprinted over time, so that there could be several editions printed over a span of 40 years.
Many fellow poets and artists thought Blake a bit mad (and often more than a bit), but Samuel Taylor Coleridge was one who saw Blake’s genius. Of course, Coleridge was himself given to visions.
Blake’s works combining art and poetry included the familiar Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, but other subjects caught his eye as well. These included religious subjects, like The Marriage of Heaven and Hell; biographical subjects like Milton; the city of London as a kind of new Jerusalem; and apocalyptic subjects. He also created his own mythologies, and even was writing (and drawing) orcs almost 150 years before J.R.R. Tolkien.
Damrosch has also written The Sorrows of the Quaker Jesus: James Naylor and the Puritan Crackdown on the Free Spirit (1996); Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius (2005); Tocqueville’s Discovery of America (2011); and Jonathan Swift: His Life and His World (2013).
The Tyger, poem in Songs of Experience
What Damrosch helped me to understand about Blake was how integral his art was to his poetry, and how integral his poetry was to his art. They were woven together as the same cloth.
The title, Eternity’s Sunrise, is taken from another unpublished poem found in Blake’s notebook:
Eternity
He who binds to himself a joy
Does the winged life destroy
He who kisses the joy as it flies
Lives in eternity’s sunrise
Blake’s life was a struggle for acceptance and understanding, as well as a financial struggle. It took more than a century, but he was eventually understood, as if he were writing for generations yet unborn. And he indeed kissed the joy as it flew.
Related:
Photo by Zach Dischner, Creative Commons, via Flickr. Post by Glynn Young, author of the novels Dancing Priest and A Light Shining, and Poetry at Work.
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How to Read a Poem uses images like the mouse, the hive, the switch (from the Billy Collins poem)—to guide readers into new ways of understanding poems. Anthology included.
“I require all our incoming poetry students—in the MFA I direct—to buy and read this book.”
—Jeanetta Calhoun Mish
Bethany says
Interesting to learn a bit about these Blake biographies. Fascinating how, as you said, “integral his art was to his poetry, and how integral his poetry was to his art. They were woven together as the same cloth.”
Glynn says
Bethany, in Blake’s case, the two were rather inseparable. In fact, he may have thought of himself as more of an artist than a poet, in the vein of “OK, here are the pictures, now I need the captions.” Thanks for the comment.
Sherry says
In my comment on the Whitefield bio, I meant eighteenth century, of course. The Akroyd biography sounds as if it would be good reading for this project, too.